Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models
شنبه , 23 شهریور 1392 ساعت 15:33 دسته بندی :دانلود مقاله :
Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models 2013
نویسندگان :
Thomas John Hossie , Thomas N. Sherratt
چکیده :
Many lepidopteran caterpillars appear to gain protection from insect-eating birds because they possess
eyespots, a pair of conspicuous markings on the body generally thought to resemble the eyes of a
predator. Similarly, many caterpillars widen their anterior body segments when threatened, and this
defensive posture may also deter attack because it emphasizes the caterpillar’s eyes and/or allows the
caterpillar to resemble a snake more closely. Yet, given that this behaviour is not limited to caterpillars
with eyespots, it is possible that the defensive posture may serve as a predator deterrent in itself. To
disentangle the protective value of eyespots and widened anterior body segments, we created four types
of artificial caterpillar in a 22 factorial design and deployed them on tree branches in the field where
they were exposed to predation attempts by wild birds. The ‘survivorship’ of the artificial caterpillars was
monitored over 90 h in six locations.We found a clear survival advantage for artificial prey with eyespots
or a widened head shape. However, prey possessing both eyespots and a widened head did not survive
longer than prey with either characteristic alone, suggesting that the traits did not act synergistically to
deter attack. Interestingly though, only caterpillars in the eyespot-defensive posture treatment received
more pecks directed towards the anterior ‘head’ region. Collectively, this study demonstrates clearly that
caterpillars possessing either eyespots or widened anterior body segments are likely to experience
reduced predation by wild birds, even at northern latitudes where there are relatively few arboreal
snakes.
?> antipredator caterpillar eyespot mimicry morphology protective colorationمطالب مرتبط :
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